The historic centre of Siena is a testimony of medieval town planning with its elegant and functional Gothic palaces, built for the will of a united and cultivated society and politicians. The commercial fortune of the city and a strong civic identity gave Siena a long-lasting glorious fate.
[expand title=”The Golden Age of Siena: twelfth and thirteenth century”]
The settlement of Siena has Etruscan origins and then became a Roman colony under the name of Sena Julia. Starting from the Lombard period, Siena grew by virtue of the transit of pilgrims, military free companies and merchants along the via Francigena, the great medieval axis that crossed Italy and connected it to transalpine countries. The city walls and the quarters (town districts) or “terzi” were developed and the town adopted municipal regulations, thus commencing its expansion in the surrounding territories and establishing its historical rivalry with Florence. But it was in the thirteenth century that Siena developed most of its architectural and artistic assets, those that gave it endless glory. Under the Rule of the Nine (1285-1355), at the peak of its financial, commercial and political power, Siena built the Cathedral, which became the solemn centre of the town’s religious life, and Piazza del Campo, its premier square, which, together with the Palazzo Pubblico (Town Hall) and the Torre del Mangia (Tower of Mangia) in its Gothic elegance, is the operating centre and symbol of its free civic spirit.[/expand]
[expand title=”The Sienese School“]
Duccio da Buoninsegna, Simone Martini, the brothers Ambrogio and Pietro Lorenzetti are the greatest masters of the Sienese School who embellished palaces and basilicas with pictorial cycles whose peculiar and unmistakable characteristics marked the course of the history of European art. The gold backgrounds, the use of very bright colours, the lack of shadows are the typical traits of medieval painting, and include Eastern and Byzantine influences, but the Sienese School of painting, where the perfection of details and the harmony of compositions reached excellent levels, also introduced an initial reflection on space. The painters started to place objects on different planes by reducing their size with the increasing distance; natural elements contributed to outline environments; architectural elements started to be organised around vanishing points that added depth.[/expand]