There are three factors that make the region of Ferrara so special: the old city centre that was renewed by the first city plan of the modern age, its criteria eventually inspiring other cities both in Italy and in Europe; the “Delizie”, the city and country residences of the House of Este, places of entertainment, centres from which the family controlled and coordinated its properties and that are outstanding examples of the cultural influence of the Renaissance on the natural landscape; the historical Po Delta as a planned cultural landscape that remarkably preserves its original shape, a harmonious combination of nature and human life.
[expand title=”Ferrara, Europe’s first modern city: an outstanding city plan”]
The House of Este left its mark on the city’s layout, reshaping its structure and inventing the modern concept of the urban plan. The result is the first city plan in modern Europe, promoted by Ercole I, Duke of Este, and known as Ercolean Addition (1492). Biagio Rossetti worked out the theme of the Renaissance perspective and created an overall urban system that joined the medieval part with the new northern part of the city. The Este Castle, built north of the city in the late 14th century as a military fortress to protect the Duchy, was converted into a sumptuous residence for the Court in the following century. With the Ercolean Addition, the Castle became the very heart of Ferrara, a new street developing in front of it, the large Corso Ercole I d’Este, still dotted with stately palaces, such as the famous Palazzo dei Diamanti. The famous extension of the city, built on wide avenues at right angles with each other, went hand in hand with the building of a defensive system that was typical of the Renaissance, with round keeps and tree-lined embankments, and that is still an outstanding specimen of military architecture. The city walls run around the city centre for over nine kilometres, with keeps, bastions and curtain walls added all around it over the centuries.[/expand]
[expand title=”The House of Este reshaping the natural landscape”]
The diplomatic skills of the House of Este and the intellectual vibrancy of its Court turned Ferrara into a capital of European breadth. In the three centuries during which the House of Este ruled the city, monumental, cultural, administrative and political initiatives were taken to make the city’s look and shape embody the magnificence and stability of its power. The city was redeveloped according to a plan, and reclamations and buildings took place in the properties of the House of Este, which spread out as far as the Po Delta. The House of Este’s eagerness for reshaping and rearranging the natural landscape was fuelled by the courtly and chivalric ideals inspired by the French culture, by a love for antiquity seen through the eyes of Humanism, and by an extraordinary pragmatism. The ideal of Buon Governo (Good Government) and the virtues of the Humanist Prince were the way to go, to achieve such goals.[/expand]
[expand title=”The “cultural landscape” of the Po Delta: the great reclamations and the Delizie estensi”]
The House of Este reshaped the landscape around the old Po Delta, where land alternates with water in a never-ending, ever-changing interplay, without altering the physical identity of those places but taking inspiration from their features. Great reclamations took place in the marshlands, and canals protected by towers and fences were built to optimise the rivers and make the land health and tillable. What the House of Este is best known for, though, are the Delizie, residences designed for a travelling Court and for a double purpose: for administration and entertainment. These country residences increased the power of the House of Este on the area and gave it a consistent, distinctive image. The Delizie stood next to streams, in strategic locations along the tight network of waterways around the Delta, and were built for geopolitical reasons: villages surrounded by gardens, courtyards, workshops, offices and housing for the accountants, workers and labourers who tilled the land and looked after the game reserves. The other purpose of the Delizie was to impress people with their architectural beauty, their wide variety of art collections, and the natural settings of their heavenly gardens, to be flaunted before illustrious guests and visiting diplomats. The name Delizia, universally used in historiography, emphasises their aesthetic, celebratory and convivial role by hinting at the pleasant activities that took place there, such as hunts, banquets, plays and parties.[/expand]
[expand title=”The House of Este”]
Ferrara owes its great historical and cultural achievements to the House of Este, which managed to impose itself on the city in the 13th century, thus kick-starting a thriving season of unprecedented artistic excellence. The House of Este ruled the city until 1598, when the heirless Ferrara was transferred to the Papacy. The rest of the family had to move to Modena, a city that the Emperor had given over to the House of Este.[/expand]