In the xv century, Vicenza was annexed to Venice, and in 1540 Venice’s upper classes opened new land far from the coast. Andrea di Pietro della Gondola, also known as Palladio, one of the greatest Western architects, was commissioned to design a number of new villas for the upper classes. Vicenza was embellished with private palaces and public buildings, while in the countryside Palladio designed outstanding villas, where function met elegance. The Palladian villa of the Veneto region sets a standard, an aesthetic and cultural benchmark in the history of architecture, something that did produce a very distinctive style that influenced the rest of the world. Palladio’s style took inspiration from classical forms and became widespread in Europe and in the USA.
[expand title=”The Architect”]
Andrea Palladio is universally known as one of the greatest architects who have ever lived and as a genius of Renaissance architecture. Palladio studied the art of the classic world, but he reworked ancient standards into an unrivalled aesthetic combination of Humanistic principles that can be instantly recognised by its sleek lines, well-balanced proportions and symmetrical geometries. His architectures combine ancient and modern features in a distinctive formula, in which the rational order fits in with the natural surroundings. Of humble origin, because of his talent Palladio was favoured by wealthy, educated patrons, so he had access to forms of protection and patronage that made him complete his artistic and cultural education; for instance, he often went to Rome to visit ancient Roman residential and religious monuments and there we had a chance to see Raphael, Bramante and Michelangelo’s works as well.[/expand]
[expand title=”The bond between Palladio and Vicenza”]
Founded in the II century BC, Vicenza throve under Venice’s rule from the early XV century to the late XVIII century. Vicenza is regarded as “Palladio’s city” because the great architect’s skills changed the face of the city, so that it became inseparable from what Palladio did: Palladio’s pubic and private buildings are rooted into the today’s city (which used to have a Medieval Gothic appearance); they injected new life into the overall tone of the urban landscape. Though driven by one single artist, such aesthetic and cultural process went beyond the boundaries of the city and spread into the Veneto countryside as well, where lots of villas were built over 40 years of intensive work. The Palladian villas of the Veneto countryside figuratively and physically embody the functional dimensions of land management and the owners’ self-celebration. The heart of it all is the house-as-a-temple, decorated with a monumental staircase, crowned by a pediment, supported by the pillars of the loggia. Porticoes spill out of the main building like wings, often with towers at the ends. All parts share a common classic language and are set out in a specific hierarchy. With Palladio, Vicenza and its surroundings get their identity back and are catapulted into Neoclassicism, gaining worldwide status, which is reflected in architecture and art history texts. Palladio became an inspiration for an unequalled movement in the history of architecture. The birthplace of such movement, Vicenza, still has many of its original buildings, and that’s why it is a living example of a total Humanistic concept, based on a contemporary view of antiquity. The World Heritage Site extends the Outstanding Universal Value of Andrea Palladio’ works to the other examples of his creative genius that can be seen all over the Veneto region, evidence of his great versatility in the application of his principles as much to the countryside as to the city.[/expand]
[expand title=”The birth of Palladian villas: how the Republic of Venice became a landowner”]
In Venice, the ruling classes wanted to turn the inland of the region into farmland, and the young Palladio perfectly understood their practical requirements. Palladio’s works became the embodiment of the politics of the ruling classes of the Republic of Venice, wealthy noblemen and tradesmen who tried to make the hinterland more profitable.[/expand]
[expand title=”The architectural features of the villa and the Philosophy of living in a villa”]
Eurhythmy: harmony and mathematical and geometrical proportions between the whole and its parts are the lofty message of Palladio’s lesson.
“L’architettura – Palladio writes – non è altro che una proporzion dei membri in un corpo, cussì ben l’uno con gli altri e gli altri con l’uno simetriati e corrispondenti, che armonicamente rendino maestà e decoro. […] dee il corpo con membri e questi con quello aver insieme armonica proporzione, e che da quello nasce poi quel bello che da gli antichi greci Heurithmia vien detto: che altro non vuol dire che cussì ben composto corpo che più non si desideri” (letter to Count Giovan di Pepolli).
The artist’s words clearly explain that rationality and function are inextricably linked to the symbolic and ideological expression that city and country villas must convey: they are a centre of power, but they are also a place of pleasure, culture and beauty. The Palladian villa is seen as the urban reworking of the ancient Roman villa, taking its distance from the medieval idea of the villa-as-a-castle, built for military/defensive purposes. Set in farmland, the Palladian villa is a country house, a sort of “architectural and productive unit”, in other words a combination of a villa and a farm, where the lord does not only take care of farming (the operative unit) but also of the values of otium, in an aristocratically self-celebratory setting. The philosophy of living in a villa is imbued with a deep, distinctive relationship with the surroundings.
“… Per l’esercitio, che nella Villa si suol fare a piedi, a cavallo, il corpo più agevolmente conserverà la sua sanità e robustezza e dove, finalmente l’animo stanco delle agitazioni della città, prenderà molto ristauro e consolazione e, quietamente potrà attendere agli studi delle lettere e alla contemplazione“.[/expand]
[expand title=”Palladianism”]
Palladianism was an unparalleled stylistic and cultural movement in the history of architecture, because of the influences that radiated from the Veneto region to the rest of the world, especially Western Europe, the United Kingdom and the Western States of the USA: between the late 16th century and the late 19th century, Italian, English, Russian, American, French, Polish, Czech and Irish artists looked to Palladio and took inspiration from his aesthetic solutions. Palladio is still an essential beacon of public and private architecture, hallowed as a world-class architectural archetype.[/expand]