Ravenna was an important town of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and then the capital of the Byzantine exarchate until the 8th century AD. Its universal value is given by the collection of mosaics and the eight early Christian and Byzantine monuments that show eastern and Greek-Roman western contributions in a unique and extraordinary aesthetic synthesis. Thus, Ravenna testifies the Mediterranean reality in Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages.
[expand title=”The eight monuments of the UNESCO recognition”]
The monuments inscribed on the World Heritage List are: the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, the Neonian Baptistery, the Arian Baptistery, the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, the Archiepiscopal Chapel, the Mausoleum of Theodoric, the Basilica of San Vitale and the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare in Classe.[/expand]
[expand title=”The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia”]
The mausoleum was built between 425 and 450 AD to host the tomb of the noble lady; it is a building with a Latin-cross plan, famous for the mosaics inside. Like other Ravenna early Christian buildings, the essentiality of the exterior in red bricks clashes with the artistic and chromatic explosion of the mosaic decorations inside. The mosaic cycle is among the oldest in Ravenna and illustrates the subject of life and death and redemption. However, it seems that Galla Placidia was buried in Rome.[/expand]
[expand title=”The Neonian or Orthodox Baptistery”]
Built around the early 5th century AD, the Baptistery has an octagonal plan with apses on alternate sides. The exterior is in bricks, while the internal mosaic decorations – made by order of Bishop Neon – show Hellenic-Roman influences. The dome features a central mosaic medallion representing the Baptism of Christ, with the dove of the Holy Spirit and the personification of the Holy River Jordan. Around it, the procession of the apostles alternates with baptismal symbols.[/expand]
[expand title=”The Arian Baptistery”]
The Arian Baptistery was built during the reign of Theodoric, based on the structure of the Neonian Baptistery: the octagonal plan with apses on alternate sides, the exterior in bricks, the interior with mosaics with the same iconography. The dome features a wonderful mosaic of the Baptism of Christ and the twelve apostles. Arianism, a doctrine developed by Arius and official religion of Theodoric’s court, was condemned as heresy by the Council of Nicaea (325 AD).[/expand]
[expand title=”The Basilica of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo”]
The basilica was built by order of Theodoric for the Arian cult in the early 6th century and dedicated to Christ. After the Byzantine reconquest, it was converted into a catholic church (mid-6th century), but it was only in the 9th century that the church was dedicated to S. Apollinare, when the saint’s remains were moved from the basilica of Classe, at that time exposed to sacks by pirates. The Basilica features a gabled façade and was probably contained by a four-sided portico; the marble open gallery leaning against the façade dates back to the 16th century. A round plan bell tower (9th or 10th century) stands beside the church. The interior is divided into three naves by two rows of columns of Greek marble. The walls feature the largest and best preserved Byzantine mosaic cycle with two decorative bands: the upper band dating back to Theodoric’s period and consisting of thirteen panels with scenes of Christ’s miracles and parables; the lower Byzantine one with a procession of virgins and martyrs. Also the port and the town of Classe are represented, with its fine embattled walls, three ships and Theodoric’s palace with the town of Ravenna. In Theodoric’s period, important figures of the Arian cult were represented under the arches, which were later cancelled or covered by drapes.[/expand]
[expand title=”The Archiepiscopal Chapel”]
Built by order of Bishop Peter II, it was the bishop’s private oratory during the reign of Theodoric. It is the only example of early-Christin archiepiscopal chapel that has come down to us. With a Greek cross plan, the interior features a lower band covered only by light marbles, while the upper band is an exceptional mosaic cycle that asserts anti-Arian orthodoxy.[/expand]
[expand title=”The Mausoleum of Theodoric”]
It is the only tomb of a Barbarian king that has come down to us. The Mausoleum, built with dry walls of white Istrian stone blocks with metal cramps, has an imposing and massive appearance. The interior has a Greek cross plan, while the exterior has a decagonal shape, closed by a flattened dome. It was fully brought to light only in the 19th century, because it had been submerged by the river Badareno over the centuries.[/expand]
[expand title=”The Basilica of San Vitale”]
It is the main monument in the town, one of the most important early Christian works in Italy. It features an octagonal plan and a huge hemispheric dome with a diameter of approximately 16 metres. The apse and the presbytery feature an extraordinary Byzantine mosaic cycle with strong eastern influences. It represents biblical scenes such as the Dinner of Abraham and the Sacrifice of Isaac as well as the sovereigns Justinian and Theodora. San Vitale was consecrated by Archbishop Maximianus in 548 AD. The dome frescoes were painted by Barozzi and Gandolfi in 1780.[/expand]
[expand title=”The Basilica of Sant’Apollinare in Classe”]
Consecrated by Archbishop Ursicinus in 549 AD, the Basilica is one of the best preserved Byzantine buildings in Ravenna. The interior mosaics and the marble sarcophagi of archbishops in the side naves are of exceptional value. Like many other Ravenna monuments that suffered from changes in the hydrogeological balance of the area, sometimes getting wet with water and sometimes affected by land raising, also the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare in Classe was once surrounded by a different landscape. Indeed, the Basilica is currently in the Ravenna countryside, while it was once by the sea, not far from the built-up area of Classe, owner of a great fleet in the Roman period, whose remains have been discovered.[/expand]