Naples is one of the oldest metropolises in Europe. Founded by Greek colonisers in the VII century BC with the name Parthenope or Palaepolis, then founded again in 470 BC as Neapolis, for over two millennia it had been one of the most prosperous and culturally vibrant Mediterranean cities. First, Naples established itself as one of the greatest centres of Magna Graecia, then as an ideal bridge between Hellenic culture and the culture of the new Roman rulers that turned it into an important civitas foederata. Between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, under the House of Anjou, the city became a breeding ground where French Gothic, Byzantine and Arab cultures mixed with each other. Between the 17th and the 18th century, under the Crown of Aragon, Naples became the heart of a wide kingdom and was repeatedly reshaped to make its urban layout more rational and to erect buildings that celebrated the glory of the new Spanish rule. Between the 18th and the 19th century, under the House of Bourbon, Naples became one of the most vibrant culture centres in Europe, paving the way to countless scientific and technological breakthroughs.
[expand title=”A multifaceted city”]
Naples’s life covers over twenty centuries. From the ancient Palaepolis to the recent past under the House of Bourbon, the old city s the result of endless layers of styles and cultures, poised between Europe and the Eastern world. Europe’s largest old city, Naples encompasses the tradition of the Greek founders, that of its Roman past and the influences of the French and Spanish rulers. A unique place that over the centuries has been the home and retreat of Roman aristocrats, Medieval artists and scholars, great figures of the Renaissance, and men of letters of the Enlightenment and Romantic ages. A city of great theatrical and musical traditions, Naples is one of the main symbols of Italy’s multifaceted culture. The remains of the classic city, the great centres of religious life, the stately castles and rich palaces of the aristocratic and royal power make the old city a treasure trove that has no comparisons.[/expand]
[expand title=”Classic Naples: from the Palaepolis to the Roman Neapolis”]
The remains of the Greek city excavated since the 1940s are few but enough to find the first core of the city (Palaepolis) on the Megaride fortress and its large extension (Neapolis). Because of its favourable location, it soon turned into one of the most important centres in Magna Graecia. Traces of such era, such as the first circle of walls, are still visible in some areas around town. Its carefully-laid out streets, borrowed from the other Greek colonies, its tightly knitted fortifications, and its thriving harbour made it a stalwart of the Roman expansion in Italy. Because of its mild climate and lovely sights, Neapolis was a favourite with aristocrats and emperors. Indoor and outdoor theatres, spas, temples, a new circle of walls, waterworks and public buildings such as the Crypta Neapolitana and above all a large number of rich private houses were built in town. The harbour attracted seamen from Alexandria who settled there, so Eastern religions began to circulate through Naples too.[/expand]
[expand title=”Naples in the Early Christian and Early Medieval ages”]
The increasing popularity of Christianity that began under the Severan dynasty is clearly embodied by the great catacombs of San Gennaro and the lesser ones of San Gaudioso and San Severo. The first big Christian monuments of the city began to be built in the IV and V centuries. The Basilica of San Gennaro Extra Moenia and the Basilica of San Giovanni Maggiore, as well as the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, still used, are the main symbols of that era. The fall of the Roman Empire and the war between the Goths and Byzantium took its toll on the city, which was besieged twice, first by Belisarius, then by Narsetes. Such deep instability led the Byzantine rulers to extend and update the Roman walls twice. In the VIII century, freed from Byzantium’s rule, Naples and its surroundings retreated into a self-governing Duchy. Between the IX and the XI century, having overcome quite a lot of fights with the Lombard of Capua and Benevento, the city despite its fights eventually fell under the influence and rule of the Normans. In the first few centuries of the Middle Ages, when big religious and monastic centres were being built, the urban landscape dramatically changed. Important churches (San Salvatore, San Severo, Santa Maria Maggiore, SS. Apostoli and San Paolo Maggiore), the big Archbishop’s Palace, monumental baptisteries (San Giovanni in Fonte) and rich monasteries (SS. Severino and Sossio, SS. Teodoro and Sebastiano, SS. Pietro and Marcellino, and San Gregorio Armeno), officiating Greek and Latin rites, were built in the V-IX century. The ancient Roman baths, now restored, were also used for liturgical purposes.[/expand]
[expand title=”The Hohenstaufen, the Normans and the House of Anjou”]
Naples was finally subjected to the Normans by Roger II, in 1139. The city was ruled by a royal officer (Comes Palatii) assisted by a panel of judges appointed by the King but nominated by the citizens. In those years, Castel Capuano was built and the Castle of San Salvatore, on the islet of Megaride, was strengthened. After the death of the Norman King, Tancred, in 1194, the city subjected to Emperor Henry VI, a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. The new rulers tightened the noose on the freedoms granted by Tancred, repealed privileges and destroyed part of the city walls. After a few years of anarchy and an uncontrollable city, Frederick II opened the first Imperial University in Naples in 1224. The harbour turned into a key destination on the trade routes that were sprouting all across the Mediterranean Sea, thus boosting the economy of the entire region. When the House of Anjou defeated the Hohenstaufen (1268), Naples became the capital of a wide kingdom. The city became a rich cultural crossroads in the midst of the Mediterranean region. Such big names as Petrarch, Boccaccio and Simone Martini lived in Naples in those years. In Naples, Giotto, called by King Robert to fresco the Palatine Chapel, founded one of the most important painting schools of his time. In addition, the House of Anjou set about building big castles, such as Sant’Elmo and Maschio Angioino.[/expand]
[expand title=”Naples from the House of Aragon to the House of Bourbon”]
Naples spent the years of the Renaissance under new rulers: in 1442 it was taken over by the House of Aragon. The new rule, bursting with investments and new buildings, cut out a leading role for Naples; the Maschio Angioino was extensively renovated, new, elegant palaces were built, and new gates were added to the city. All through the 17th century, under the Spanish rule, Naples experienced a comparative decay, first hit by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (1631), then by a serious plague (1656). The city, though, never stopped growing and renewing itself with the addition of new, impressive streets, new neighbourhoods (Spanish Quarters), and the new Royal Palace designed by Domenico Fontana. Conquered by Charles of Bourbon, Naples briefly fell in Napoleon’s hands. The French government, first led by Joseph Bonaparte then by Joachim Murat, completely reworked the monumental Piazza del Plebiscito. For Naples, the Bourbon and French rules meant years of great scientific and cultural liveliness, which put it in the forefront of Europe’s vibrant culture. The House of Bourbon did not forget to increase the already plentiful architectural heritage of the city and its surroundings: the Royal Palace of Capodimonte, the Royal Palace of Caserta and Portici, the Belvedere of San Leucio and the Royal Palace of Carditello are all gems of the Bourbon age. When Naples embraced the contemporary age, it already had an unprecedented, extremely rich history under its belt, which is embodied by the huge amount of monuments and riches of its unique old city.[/expand]