Mount Etna is the largest volcano in Europe and UNESCO world heritage site for its outstanding natural value in terms of geology and ecology. It is important for world science for it uninterrupted volcanic activity and the historic and scientific documents written about it after the VIII century B.C. until modern time, which gave it importance and fame worldwide.
[expand title=”The largest volcano in Europe”]
Located on the eastern coast of Sicily, in the province of Catania, Mount Etna is approximately 3,340 metres above sea level and stretches of a 45-km area. It stands on a 1,250 km2 area, with a 135-km perimeter. Because of these sizes it is the largest, most imposing land volcano in the whole of Europe and the Mediterranean. Mounts Nebrodi and Peluritani close Mount Etna to the north-west and north, while on the south and south west stretches the Catania plain.[/expand]
[expand title=”Origin of Mount Etna”]
This is a polygenetic stratovolcano that began forming in the Pleistocene (600,000 years ago) during the geological events that affected the entire Mediterranean basin and the friction between the Euro-Asian plate and the African plate. The eruptive activity of Mount Etna can be traced back to 350,000 years ago; lava outpour is determined by the presence of a faultline on the Sicilian crust, more precisely called Hybleo-Maltese escarpment. Much like other volcanoes of this kind, the main volcanic cone (with several top mouths – geologically younger – dating back to 60,000 years ago) was built by several lava outpours, which collect and overlap in ‘layers’, one of top of another, thus causing the volcanic structure to rise with time. The geodiversity of Mount Etna includes a wide array of volcanic formations, such as flows, valleys and caves. For instance, the depression at Valle del Bove is a large caldera and today it looks as a spectacular natural amphitheatre; 130,000 several eruptive centres were located in its place.[/expand]
[expand title=”Volcanic activity”]
From a distance Mount Etna has a linear shape, with a single cone jutting towards the sky, its real shape above an altitude of 2,500 meters above sea level, is more complex than it looks, with several active minor cones. During the most dramatic eruptions, the smoke given off by these craters is carried by the wind and leaves trails visible from hundred of kilometres. Mount Etna is a predominantly effusive volcano, from which molten lava flows steadily, though in history there have been explosive activities, also relatively recent ones.[/expand]
[expand title=”The ecosystem of Mount Etna”]
The biological history of the Mount Etna region evolved in connection with the volcanic activity and stands out as an open-air lab to study colonisation processes in an extreme natural environment by animal and plant species. The extreme conditions, once unknown, of the area, have determined the development of endemic species on Mount Etna. Life distribution in the landscape is divided by altitude bands, as well as the microcilmate of each side and human presence. Between 1,000 and 1,500 metres above sea level there are abundant chestnut and oak woods; the latter, on the drier western slope, mainly consist of persistent-leaved varieties such as holm oaks, while on the eastern side, which tends to be wetter, broadleaf oaks such as downy oaks and Turkey oaks may be found. Moving up, tree vegetation includes the presence of birch (or an local endemic species) and poplar, which prefer fresh watersheds, pine and beech, which holds two records on Mount Etna: its presence on Mount Etna is the southernmost in Europe and at the same time is also the highest, up to 2,300 metres above sea level. Among the plants that colonised the lower parts of the area, Genista aetnensis, or Mount Etna broom, is an endemic species that in the summer covers wide stretches of lava with its yellow, scented bushes. In turn, pioneer species cover the rocks up to 2,900 metres. At this altitude the presence of endemic species is remarkable. Beyond that there is the so-called “volcanic desert”, where the primordial forces of Mount Etna rule unchallenged. The fauna also depends of altitude bands. Deforestation and anthropisation caused large mammals, including fallow deer, roe deer and wolves to disappear. Today porcupines, wildcats, martens, foxes, hare and bats are commonly found. The birds living in the park are golden eagles, peregrine falcons, sparrowhawks, buzzards, owls and barn owls.[/expand]
[expand title=”Historic testimonies”]
Mount Etna is an active volcano and its eruptions were documented across the centuries, starting from ancient Greeks and Romans. Mythology and imagination populated this place with highly fascinating legends, inspired by the surprising characteristics of this volcanic landscape: the exceptional altitude of the volcanic cone protruding towards the sky, the presence of snow and ice coexisting with permanently molten lava, its spectacular flow of lava, brimstone, ashes and smoke, the destructive violence of the ‘gigantic’ Mount Etna. These are the themes upon which the iconic nature of Mount Etna are inspired, which impressed poets as well as philosophers, historians and geographers, including: Aeschylus, Empedocles, Pindar, Thucydides, Plato, Aristotle, Posidonius, Diadorus Siculus, Strabo, Claudian. The first ‘scientific’ treatise on Mount Etna lava is the Latin poem called Aetna,written in the I century b.C, by either Virgil, Lucillius or another unknown author. Many other intellectuals and academicians observed and recoded the effusive – sometimes explosive – activities of the Sicilian volcano. Among them, French enlightenment intellectual Deodat De Dolomieu stands out; besides giving their names to Dolomites, he devoted his studies to Mount Etna, volcanoes and the Aeolian islands. And then Lazzaro Spallanzani, Sir Charles Lyell, Wolfgang Goethe, Guy de Maupassant, Canon Giuseppe Recupero, still considered an important contributor to scientific studies on Mount Etna, brothers Mario and Carlo Gemmellaro, Wolfgang Sartorius, Orazio Silvestri and, more recently, Alfred Rittmann and Haroun Tazieff.[/expand]
[expand title=”Continuous monitoring of Mount Etna”]
Mount Etna is constantly monitored by the scientific community and subject of international researches. It is the destination of enthusiasts and scholars from all over the world, a unique geo-morphological ‘learning playground’ with extraordinary variety, with trails, valleys and caves.[/expand]