The Historic Centre of Urbino is a remarkable and nearly intact testimony of the Italian Renaissance civilisation; its monumental and artistic excellence was built between the fifteenth and the sixteenth century, the golden age of Urbino, which turned from a medieval town safely encroached by its walls into a beautiful capital of art and culture, the ideal “city in the form of a palazzo”.
[expand title=”The cultural and urban landscape of the Renaissance: in the court of the Enlightened Prince”]
A gemstone nested in the lovely scenery of the soft Marche hills, Urbino is encircled and shielded by its terracotta city walls; the heart of the city is Piazza della Repubblica , encased in a network of narrow streets that also go up and down. Palazzo Ducale, however, is the true grand protagonist of the magnificence of Urbino. The Palazzo now houses the Galleria Nazionale delle Marche, the art gallery which houses masterpieces of the fifteenth and sixteenth century. The building is linked to the historical personality to whom the city owes its fame, Federico da Montefeltro, who ruled Urbino from 1444 to 1482 and who is also the perfect example of enlightened humanist prince: a skilled condottiero, a lover and patron of the arts, a shrewd politician and leader, a refined collector of the arts and a true humanist keen on geometry and mathematics. The most skilled and renowned workers were involved in the construction of the Palazzo, and the works included the expansion of existing premises (including the home of Guidantonio, father of Federico) located along Piazza del Rinascimento. The works began in 1459 under the guidance of the Florentine artist Maso di Bartolomeo; the works lasted till the end of the century and involved several other architects such as Luciano Laurana (who designed many of the halls and rooms on the main floor and also the striking turrets of the facade), Francesco di Giorgio Martini and Girolamo Genga. One of the most famous rooms of Palazzo Ducale is the Duke’s studiolo (small study), for which Federico commissioned a sublime collection of paintings and wood inlays with perspective representations focussed on emphasising and magnifying the studiolo’s function and meaning as a privileged place of intellectual activity, where the Duke met with and talked to the wisest members of his court.[/expand]
[expand title=”Picture Gallery, Library, University”]
The Palazzo Ducale was home to a magnificent collection of works of art, all ordered and sponsored by Federico. Part of these works are still on display in the Palazzo, part has been moved to the Uffizi Gallery in Florence when it passed under the Florentine aegis when, in 1631, the last descendant of the family, Vittoria della Rovere, married the Grand Duke Ferdinando II de Medici and the duchy of Urbino was reabsorbed in the Papal States. Federico also created an exceptional library of nearly a thousand precious illuminated manuscripts, which were later bought by Pope Alexander VII in 1657 for the Vatican Library. The son of Federico, Guidobaldo I da Montefeltro, started the Urbino University Foundation in 1506 and also carried on his father’s political project.[/expand]
[expand title=”The myth of Urbino: A city in the form of a palazzo”]
Thanks to the patronage of Federico da Montefeltro and his son and heir Guidobaldo, Urbino completed its transformation from medieval village into a beautiful princely court and centre of attraction for Italian and foreign artists and scholars, among which there were Piero della Francesca, Leon Battista Alberti, Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Paolo Uccello, Melozzo da Forli, Serafino Aquilano, the Flemish Justus van Gent and Pedro Berruguete, mathematicians and astronomers Jacopo da Spira and Paul of Middelburg, Baldassare Castiglione and Pietro Bembo, the latter widely regarded as key figures in the sixteenth century culture. The vital and stimulating climate of the Ducal court also drove Bramante and Raphael to complete their early artistic training here. Urbino’s golden age was not a long one because of the city-state’s size that could not hope to maintain its force of attraction for very long but despite that the intensity of the experiences and quality of the opportunities offered in the court of Urbino to fifteenth and sixteenth century artists further contributed to myth of Renaissance Urbino as the ideal city and perfect example for the Italian courts. It was in Urbino that Castiglione and Bembo refined and matured their poetic skills and beliefs and then contributed to the myth of Urbino via their works.[/expand]