In 1563 Turin became the capital city of the Duchy of Savoy. In the following centuries the city stood out as a major European centre and was at the heart of a monumental renovation plan including residences, palaces and castles built in the urban area, in the outskirts and finally in the rural parts of the Duchy. Savoy residences were the tangible expression of absolute monarchy and stand today as a testimony of modern European monumental architecture; the Savoy house appointed the best architects and artists – including Ascanio Vitozzi, Carlo and Amedeo di Castellamonte, Guarino Guarini, Filippo Juvarra, Michelangelo Garove, Benedetto Alfieri, Daniel Seiter, Francesco Solimena, Sebastiano Ricci, Charles André Vanloo, and Claudio Francesco Beaumont – to devise unparalleled masterpieces.
[expand title=”The Command zone in Turin”]
The rational and the marvellous are two crucial elements to look as Turin under the Savoy rule, as they apply to their urban and symbolic value: the city layout, designed according to enlightenment tenets and arranging government palaces in a nice, military-parade order, goes well with the plethora of riches and splendour that accompanied salons, decoration, gardens and fountains. The colossal propaganda campaign began under Emanuele Filiberto, escalated with his successor Carlo Emanuele I, and continued up until the XIX century. When in 1713 Vittorio Amedeo II becomes king, the style of the time demanded a mythological and allegoric iconography, matched with the exaltation of the sovereign’s glory and virtues, which were perfectly in line with current Ancient Régime aesthetics. The baroque style, with its traditional symbols and images, managed to impress the entire Europe and align the House of Savoy with the greatest dynasties of the continent. The largest monument in the Zona di Comando is the Royal Palace (www.ilpalazzorealeditorino.it), which should be regarded as the centre around which revolve all the other neighbouring landmarks: Palazzo Chiablese, the Royal Library, the Royal Armory, the State Office, the State Archive, the Royal Theatre, the Military Academy, the Royal stables and the Royal Mint. Amedeo di Castellamonte had the original idea of a consistent complex. Zona di Comando also includes Palazzo Madama (www.palazzomadamatorino.it), which served countless functions: fortress, ducal residence, governmental office, seat of the senate, prison, museum and astronomical observatory. Located in central Piazza Castello, its history dates back thousands of years; this is where the Roman door to the city used to be (I century A.D.), which was later fortified and changed until it turned into a castle in the XIII century. The castle was the stage of weddings and grand parties and featured several state apartments. In 1718 the ingenious Royal Architect Filippo Juvarra designed a new façade for the palace in the shape it still retains today, influenced by elements of Palazzo Barberini and the façade facing the gardens at Versailles. In 1832, by order of Carlo Alberto, it hosted the Royal Gallery or Pinacoteca Sabauda. Also in the vicinity of Piazza Castello, Palazzo Carignano (www.palazzocarignano.it), was designed by Guarino Guarini and built between 1679 and 1685 for the princes of Savoy Carignano. It stands as a beautiful example of European Baroque, with its winding cotto façade and spectacular baroque quarters, recently renovated. The Count of Cavour had its study here. After 1848 the palace became the seat of the Subalpine Parliament and later the first Italian Parliament, with a very close tie with the Italian Risorgimento.[/expand]
[expand title=” The Crown of Delights and The hunting lodges”]
The House of Savoy needed splendid locations to accommodate its court and to move to during parties or balls, or again where to hunt; therefore, between the XVI and the XVIII century it commissioned a number of extra-urban delights. It did so by renovating existing palaces or sometimes commissioning new, spectacular residences as symbols of the State and the single administrative and road organisation under it.[/expand]
[expand title=”Castello del Valentino”]
(castellodelvalentino.polito.it/) was built on a villa located by the river Po, which was purchased in 1564 by Emanuele Filiberto; in 1620 the villa was transformed by architects Carlo and Amedeo di Castellamonte into a maison de plaisance by order of Christine of France. Its look is reminiscent of French castles, with four square towers and a pitched roof.
The complex of Villa della Regina features a vineyard and Italian gardens. The XVII century project by Ascanio Vitozzi drew inspiration from ancient Roman villas and was commissioned by prince cardinal Maurice of Savoy; in the mid XVII century, at the time of princess Ludovica, the gardens and quarters were expanded and redecorated. By will of Vittorio Amedeo II and Anne Marie d’Orléans, the villa was modernised and took its current structure thanks to the work of many illustrious artists of the Savoy court, including Juvarra, Seyter, Somasso, Crosato, Giaquinto, and Dallamano.
Both Castello di Moncalieri and Castello di Rivoli (www.castellodirivoli.org) were built for defensive purposes and were later converted into leisurely locations for duchesses and princes. Castello di Rivoli was originally and medieval stronghold on a hill right at the start of Val di Susa; it was expanded in the XVII century with the so-called Manica Lunga housing the Ducal Gallery. It was severely damaged by the French army in 1693, though it was involved in grand XVIII century reconstruction project – assigned to Juvarra and, unfortunately, unfinished – when newly-crowned Vittorio Amedeo II made it one of the main residences for his court; indeed, many of the Reign’s most important events were celebrated here.[/expand]
[expand title=”Castello di Venaria Reale”]
(www.lavenaria.it) is the result of a grand project involving the monumental mansion, 600 hectares of gardens, the village of Venaria, the forest of Parco La Mandria, where already at the beginning of the XVIII century the Dukes of Savoy reared their riding, hunting and carriage horses. The castle of Venaria Reale was built in the middle of the XVII century under the supervision of Amedeo di Castellamonte, who designed the dramatic palace and its Italian gardens, with terraces, fountains, statues and stairways. At the turn of the century an age of renewal started in Venaria Reale: Vittorio Amedeo II wanted the gardens to be even more magnificent and appointed Juvarra to expand the mansion, which included the famous Galleria Grande or Galleria di Diana. The result was a Baroque pearl in Ancient Régime beloved Rococo, a masterpiece worthy of the King of France. Harmoniously arranged stables, orangeries, pavilions and pools for naumachiae merged in the landscape, while the gardens opened towards the horizon. The XIX century saw Venaria Reale begin its decline; it was transformed into a military barrack under Napoleon and remained a military location up until the end of World War II. An unfortunate time of neglect and pillage ended in 1999 with the start of a major renovation project ended in 2007. This was one of the largest listed building renovation and preservation project even performed in Europe; it restored stuccoes, frescoes, gardens, fish farms and stables back to their old splendour and opened the whole complex to visitors, exhibitions and cultural events.[/expand]
[expand title=”Palazzina di Caccia di Stupinigi”]
(www.ordinemauriziano.it/) with its splendid, dramatic look, is only 10 km from Turin. It was designed by Juvarra, who started building it in 1729, and completed by Benedetto Alfieri, and is a jewel of European Rococo. A grand mansion, it stands out for a central part in the shape of Saint Andrew’s cross, with the grand ballroom at the centre; on the sides the complex houses the original workshops for the wide side wings. It was the the House of Savoy’s location of choice for weddings and Napoleon took it as his private residence.[/expand]
[expand title=”XIX century “vacation resorts””]
In the XIX century the House of Savoy commissioned a number of vacation resorts to spend their summers, surrounded by the green Piedmont countryside. Therefore is restored and expanded some existing residences of the area.
Of Medieval origin, Castello di Agliè (www.ilcastellodiaglie.it) is approximately forty km north of Turin. It stands out for its greenhouses and a large park; with over 300 rooms in different styles, it bears testimony to the taste of dukes, princes and kings over the centuries.
The Borgo Castello della Mandria (www.parchireali.gov.it/parco.mandria/) was designed as a place to rear horses for the Savoy court within the Venaria Reale park and mansion complex.
The prime strategic role of Castello di Racconigi was due to its position on the way connecting Turin and Cuneo. After the XVII century it was the residence of the Savoy-Carignano branch, who appointed Guarino Guarini to expand the building. In the XVIII century the castle was renovated in the Neoclassical style, while n the following century the park was turned into a “romantic English garden” by the landscape architect Xavier Kurten who, also by appointment of Carlo Alberto, also worked on the parks of Castello di Agliè and Castello di Pollenzo. In Racconigi, Kurten was the “Director of the Royal Park” and worked side by side with artist Pelagio Palagi at such masterpieces as the Neogothic greenhouses, Cascina del Cacio and Cascina della Margaria.
Between 1832 and 1849 Castello di Pollenzo was a royal farm by order of Carlo Alberto, with the purpose of stimulating the winemaking development of the area. The Castle and the Park took a romantic and Neogothic look. The centre of Pollenzo was also involved in the architectural renewal, while in the vineyards and cellars around the castle the winemaking techniques of the Langhe reds were growing to perfection. Thanks to a Slow Food project, the castle today retains its original agricultural vocation and houses the University of Food Science, the Wine Bank and the Agenzia hotel.
The origins of Castello di Govone (www.comune.govone.cn.it/) date back to the Middle ages. The counts Solaro – an old Piedmont family – at the end of the XVII century gave the Baroque appearance it still has today. Subsequently it was frequented by Carlo Felice as a summer residence; the mythology-themed furniture and décor in the grand hall and apartments date back to the same time. The castle was surrounded by classical and geometrical Italian gardens, which were later transformed on a project by Xavier Kurten, into an English garden, where such dramatic aspects of nature as fountains, waterfalls, hills and man-made woods were the main focus. Recently the XVIII century rose garden was restored; the castle is also known for its tulips, which blossom majestically in the spring.[/expand]