The extraordinary charm of the historical centre of Pienza lies in its being the materialization of an ideal that expresses the spirit of an epoch. Pienza is the “daughter” of one of the most interesting figures of the Italian Renaissance; a town that, over the centuries, has constantly represented the crystallisation of a specific set of values – the centrality of man in the natural universe, the mission of knowledge in the secular world as a means for renewal, the role of politics as a generator of peace and tolerance. When a dream is made true with stone and marble by creating squares, streets and palaces, the ideals that generated it are transformed into permanent physical substance. And Pienza is the dream of Pope Pius II made true.
[expand title=”Pienza was created on Corsignano”]
The hill on which Pienza lies offers a panoramic view of the Val d’Orcia, the valley of the river Orcia, about 40 km south-east of Siena. Archaeological finds proved that the hill was already settled in prehistoric times. In the medieval period, it was a rural settlement and an emergency shelter for travellers, merchants and military free companies transiting along the nearby Via Francigena, the pilgrimage itinerary that connected Rome with Canterbury.[/expand]
[expand title=”The dream of Enea Silvio Piccolomini”]
The Piccolomini’s were a noble family of Siena, who were forced to leave the city for political reasons and moved to the village of Corsignano, where they owned some property. Enea Silvio Piccolomini (1405-1464) was born in Corsignano and, after a career as a man of letters, a humanist and an ecclesiastical diplomat, became Pope with the name of Pius II (1458). He decided to refound and redesign his birth town to make it an “ideal city”. That is how the village of Corsignano was renamed Pienza, as a tribute to Pius II, its new spiritual and material father.[/expand]
[expand title=”The ideal town of Pius II: Rossellino, a humanist architect”]
The refoundation project was assigned to Bernardo di Matteo Gambarelli, known as “il Rossellino”, a student of Leon Battista Alberti, a great architect of the Italian Renaissance and the author of the first treatise of architecture De re aedificatoria (1452). In the Pienza project, Rossellino implemented the myth of renovatio, of which Pius II and the humanist culture were so fond. Astrological symbols, geometric correspondence, elegance and simplicity taken from classical culture were the main features of the project for the aesthetic and cultural refoundation of Pienza.[/expand]
[expand title=”The Renaissance foundation town model. Pienza: real utopia”]
Works commenced in February 1459 and ended in August 1462, when Pius II celebrated the official birth of Pienza as a papal town by providing it with statutes and a bishop. In only three years the Pope completed the creation of his utopian town and we do not know what he could have added and changed later because he suddenly died on 14 August 1464, shortly before his departure for a new crusade. The most outstanding feature of Pienza is the quadrangular square called Piazza Pio II, with the finest noble palaces and the Cathedral overlooking the open space. The buildings, designed by Rossellino, stand out for their elegance, ingeniousness, architectural harmony and aesthetics. Pienza preserved its historical centre untouched. The main street connects the two opposite town gates, while the fulcrum of the city plan is the main square. The reconfiguration project was complete, as it also included residences for the papal court and the aristocracy, but also houses for the people, with the construction of new buildings just behind the walls and the gate called “Porta del Ciglio”. Pius II was well aware of the importance of the paving for the urban space and connection roads, as stone pavements facilitated trade and favoured the healthiness of the places. He ordered the construction of a mill and devoted spaces to a retirement home and craftsmen shops – a further proof of the farsighted and pragmatic vision of Pius II for his beloved Pienza.[/expand]